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Adverse inference is a legal inference, adverse to the concerned party, drawn from silence or absence of requested evidence. It is part of evidence codes based on common law in various countries. According to Lawvibe, "the 'adverse inference' can be quite damning at trial. Essentially, when plaintiffs try to present evidence on a point essential to their case and can’t because the document has been destroyed (by the defendant), the jury can infer that the evidence would have been adverse to (the defendant), and adopt the plaintiff’s reasonable interpretation of what the document would have said..." 〔 (''Virgin Gets Hammered by Adverse Inference'' ), LawVibe.com, April 4, 2007. 〕 The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit pointed out in 2004, in a case involving spoliation (destruction) of evidence, that "...the giving of an adverse inference instruction often terminates the litigation in that it is 'too difficult a hurdle' for the spoliating party to overcome. The court therefore concluded that the adverse inference instruction is an 'extreme' sanction that should 'not be given lightly'...". 〔 Morris v. Union Pacific R. R., 373 F.3d 896, 900 (8th Cir.2004)〕 This rule applies not only to evidence which is destroyed, but also to evidence which exists but the party refuses to produce, and to evidence which the party has under his control, and which is not produced. See Notice to produce. This adverse inference is based upon the presumption that the party who controls the evidence would have produced it, if it had been supportive of his/her position. It can also apply to a witness who is known to exist but which the party refuses to identify or produce. After a change in the law in 1994 the right to silence under English law was curtailed because the court and jury were allowed to draw adverse inference from such a silence. Under English law when the police caution someone they say "You do not have to say anything. But it may harm your defence if you do not mention, when questioned, something which you later rely on in court." because under English law the court and jury can draw an adverse inference from fact that someone did not mention a defence when given the chance to do so when charged with an offence.〔 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「adverse inference」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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